What is a Cello Instrument?
The cello is a large bodied stringed wooden instrument with long neck and a pointed metal endpin which allows it to be played standing on the floor. Played by drawing a bow across four strings, the musical instrument is played in a seated position held between the knees.
Cello Instrument Facts
- Cellos come in various sizes, including full-size for adults and smaller versions for younger players.
- This instrument is a cornerstone in orchestral classical music but also finds its place in jazz, folk, and even rock.
- The person who plays the cello is known as a cellist.
In this beginners guide, we’ll review what the cello musical instrument is by examining what it sounds like, how its played, its long history, how its made, and also explore some of the great tunes and compositions it has produced over its long and varied musical history.
Search the Table of Contents or watch the video below to get started on our cello instrument guide.
What doe a Cello Sound Like?
The cello produces a warm, resonant tone that can range from deep, mournful lows to vibrant, singing highs, capturing a wide spectrum of emotions. Watch this video below and listen to the expressive sounds of the cello.
How to Play the Cello
Playing the cello involves a harmonious blend of technique, physical coordination, and musical expression.
The cellist sits with the instrument’s body resting on the floor, supported by an extendable metal spike called the endpin. This positioning allows the player to reach around the instrument comfortably, with the cello’s neck extending upwards and its body resonating against the floor for depth of sound.
To generate music, the cellist uses a bow, a long, slender stick strung with horsehair, which is drawn across the strings. The friction between the bow hair and the strings causes vibrations, which are amplified by the cello’s hollow wooden body, creating sound.
The tightness and speed of the bow stroke, along with the pressure applied, influence the volume, tone, and expression of the note produced.
For softer, more delicate sounds, cellists might use lighter bow pressure and slower strokes. For louder, more robust sounds, they increase the pressure and speed of the bow.
In addition to bowing, cellists can produce sound by plucking the strings with their fingers, a technique known as pizzicato. This method offers a distinctly different sound, often used for rhythmic or staccato effects in both solo and ensemble pieces.
The left hand plays a crucial role in determining the pitch of the notes. By pressing the strings down against the fingerboard, the cellist shortens the vibrating length of the string, raising its pitch. The placement of the fingers is precise, with no frets to guide the intonation as on a guitar. This requires a keen ear and extensive practice to master.
Cellos are tuned in fifths, starting from the lowest string: C, G, D, and A. This range allows cellists to explore a wide musical spectrum, from deep, resonant lows to bright, clear highs. The instrument’s design, including the shape of the body and the quality of the wood, significantly affects its sound character, enabling a rich tapestry of musical expression.
Through a combination of bowing techniques, finger positioning, and careful tuning, cellists bring to life the music written for this versatile instrument.
Different Types of Cello Instrument to Learn
The cello that we have just learnt about comes in a range of types, each offering unique benefits and challenges to learners.
Acoustic Cello
The traditional choice for classical training, the acoustic cello offers a rich, authentic sound. Its resonance and depth are unmatched, making it ideal for solo performances and ensemble work. However, it requires careful maintenance and can be less portable due to its size and fragility.
Electric Cello
Modern and versatile, electric cellos are great for amplified performance settings and genres beyond classical, such as rock or pop. They are more durable and portable than their acoustic counterparts but may lack the natural acoustic tone, offering a different experience that some purists might not prefer.
Semi-Electric (Hybrid) Cello
Bridging the gap between acoustic and electric, hybrid cellos offer the acoustic body with added electronic capabilities. This type is perfect for cellists needing versatility for both classical settings and amplified performances. While they provide a balance of both worlds, they can be expensive and require a bit more maintenance.
Student Cello
Specifically designed for beginners, student cellos are often more affordable and made with durability in mind. They are a great entry point into learning the instrument, though the sound quality may not match higher-end models, which could be a limitation as skills advance.
Professional Cello
Crafted from high-quality materials with superior craftsmanship, professional cellos offer exceptional sound and playability. Ideal for advanced players and professionals, these instruments represent a significant investment, reflecting in their price and the need for ongoing, meticulous care.
Musical Origins
The name “cello” is derived from the Italian word “violoncello,” which means “little violone.” “Violone” was used to describe the larger bass instruments of the string family, and the diminutive “cello” indicates a smaller version of these.
Moving to the development of the cello, the instrument can be traced as far back as the 16th century in it very early forms. The table outlines the design and musical improvements over the centuries.
| Year | Development |
|---|---|
| 16th Century | The cello’s early origins trace back to the viola da gamba, an instrument played between the legs (da gamba) like the modern cello. However, the cello distinguished itself with a larger size and different tuning, catering to the need for a deeper, resonant sound in orchestral compositions. |
| Late 17th Century | The cello underwent significant design improvements, including a more standardized size and shape, which helped to solidify its role in the orchestra. Makers like Stradivari and Amati refined its construction, improving sound quality and playability. |
| 18th Century | The addition of the endpin in the late 18th century allowed for greater stability and comfort for the player, marking a significant ergonomic advancement. This period also saw the cello’s repertoire expand significantly, with composers like Bach, Haydn, and Boccherini writing extensively for the instrument. |
| 19th Century | The cello’s design continued to evolve with changes in the bow, leading to a more powerful and expressive sound. This era introduced more virtuosic compositions, showcasing the cello’s capabilities as a solo instrument alongside its orchestral contributions. |
| 20th Century | The introduction of metal and synthetic strings offered cellists a wider range of tonal possibilities and greater durability. The cello’s presence in popular music genres began to emerge, further expanding its role beyond classical music settings. |
| 21st Century | Advances in electronic amplification and digital music production have led to the creation of electric cellos, broadening the instrument’s versatility and application in various music genres. The cello remains a beloved instrument, celebrated for its rich, emotive sound and adaptability. |
Cello Instrument Description
The cello is made up of several key parts, each contributing to its unique sound and functionality.
The primary components include:
- Body: Composed of the top (soundboard), back, and sides (ribs). The top is often made of spruce, chosen for its resonant qualities, while the back and sides are typically maple, adding richness to the sound. Maple also adds a strong visual beauty to the instrument with its distinctive flame or curl patterns.
- Neck and Scroll: Both are crafted from maple for strength, supporting the tension of the strings. The scroll is more decorative, while the neck serves as the foundation for the fingerboard.
- Fingerboard: Made from ebony, a dense, hard wood that withstands the pressure from the strings and allows for precise finger placement.
- Strings: Originally made from gut, modern strings are typically steel or synthetic, offering a variety of tonal qualities and durability.
- Bridge: Carved from maple, the bridge supports the strings above the body and transfers vibrations to the soundboard, crucial for sound production.
- Tuning Pegs: Usually made of ebony or another hardwood, these pegs are located at the top of the neck and are used to tune the instrument by adjusting the tension of each string.
- Tailpiece: Attached to the base of the cello, it anchors the strings and is often made from ebony, metal, or synthetic materials.
- Endpin: A metal spike that extends from the bottom of the cello, allowing it to rest on the floor. It provides stability and height adjustment for comfortable playing.
- Bow: The stick is traditionally made from pernambuco or brazilwood, and the hair from horsehair. The bow is essential for producing sound by drawing the hair across the strings.
Famous Cello Players
The cello has been graced by numerous virtuosos whose talents have left a lasting mark on the world of music.
These following ten cellists, hailing from diverse backgrounds, have all elevated the instrument to new heights through their remarkable performances and contributions to the repertoire.
- Pablo Casals (Spain): Renowned for his emotive playing and technical prowess, Casals is often regarded as one of the greatest cellists of the 20th century. His recordings of the Bach Cello Suites are seminal works that continue to inspire cellists worldwide.
- Jacqueline du Pré (United Kingdom): Du Pré’s passionate and intense performances, particularly of the Elgar Cello Concerto, have made her a legend. Her career, though tragically cut short by multiple sclerosis, left a lasting impact on the cello repertoire.
- Yo-Yo Ma (United States): A versatile musician, Ma’s repertoire spans a wide range of genres, from classical to contemporary. His dedication to music as a means of cultural exchange has made him one of the most beloved cellists of our time.
- Mstislav Rostropovich (Russia): Rostropovich was not only a master cellist but also a champion of new music, premiering works by Prokofiev, Shostakovich, and Britten. His technical mastery and deep emotional connection to the music have set standards for cellists everywhere.
- Mischa Maisky (Latvia): Maisky’s unique approach, characterized by a deep, singing tone and expressive vibrato, has captivated audiences around the globe. His interpretations, particularly of the Bach suites, are both innovative and deeply moving.
- Rostislav Dubinsky (Russia): Dubinsky, founding first violinist of the Borodin Quartet, was known for his exceptional chamber music performances. His contributions to cello music, particularly through his string quartet work, have been influential.
- Steven Isserlis (United Kingdom): Isserlis is renowned for his distinctive sound, informed by his use of gut strings and period instruments. His commitment to exploring lesser-known repertoire has broadened the horizons of cello music.
- Julian Lloyd Webber (United Kingdom): Lloyd Webber has made significant contributions to the cello repertoire, premiering more than 50 works. His expressive playing and dedication to music education have made him a prominent figure in the classical music world.
- Anner Bylsma (Netherlands): A pioneer in the early music movement, Bylsma’s performances on period instruments have offered fresh insights into baroque and classical repertoire. His scholarly approach to music-making has set a new standard for historically informed performances.
- Zara Nelsova (Canada): Nelsova’s powerful tone and commanding presence on stage helped establish her as one of the foremost cellists of her generation. Her performances and recordings, especially of the Dvorak Cello Concerto, are celebrated for their emotional depth and technical precision.
Significant Cello Classical Music
The cello holds a revered place in the realm of classical music, serving as a cornerstone of orchestral compositions and solo performances alike.
Below is a selection of essential works for the cello, showcasing its significance and the breadth of its classical repertoire. These works, spanning over three centuries of musical history, illustrate the cello’s enduring appeal.
Johann Sebastian Bach – Cello Suites (BWV 1007-1012) (1720)
Composed in the early 18th century, Bach’s six Cello Suites are pinnacle works for the instrument, challenging both in technique and musicality. Each suite takes the listener on a journey through Baroque stylings, deeply exploring the cello’s capabilities.
Luigi Boccherini – Cello Concerto No. 9 in B-flat Major, G. 482 (1771)
Boccherini, an Italian composer and cellist, contributed significantly to the cello repertoire with this concerto, highlighting the instrument’s lyrical and virtuosic potential. The work is beloved for its elegant melodies and dynamic interplay between soloist and orchestra.
Antonín Dvořák – Cello Concerto in B minor, Op. 104 (1895)
Dvořák’s Cello Concerto is renowned for its emotional depth and grandeur, combining Romantic lyricism with Bohemian folk music influences. It stands as one of the greatest examples of the cello concerto genre.
Edward Elgar – Cello Concerto in E minor, Op. 85 (1919)
Written in the aftermath of World War I, Elgar’s Cello Concerto is a deeply introspective work, reflecting the composer’s disillusionment. Its poignant melodies and rich textures make it a staple of the cello repertoire.
Camille Saint-Saëns – Cello Concerto No. 1 in A minor, Op. 33 (1872)
This concerto is celebrated for its virtuosic demands on the soloist and its seamless integration of melody and technical display. Saint-Saëns’ work is a favorite among cellists for its expressive range and captivating themes.
Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky – Pezzo capriccioso, Op. 62 (1887)
A shorter work in the cello repertoire, Tchaikovsky’s Pezzo capriccioso offers a showcase of the cello’s expressive capabilities, from its melancholic depths to its playful heights.
Dmitri Shostakovich – Cello Concerto No. 1 in E-flat Major, Op. 107 (1959)
Shostakovich’s First Cello Concerto is noted for its intensity and complexity, reflecting the composer’s experiences in Soviet Russia. The work demands exceptional technical skill and emotional depth from the cellist.
Robert Schumann – Cello Concerto in A minor, Op. 129 (1850)
Schumann’s contribution to the cello repertoire is a concerto that combines Romantic expressiveness with classical form. It’s cherished for its lyrical beauty and intricate passages.
Sergei Rachmaninoff – Sonata for Cello and Piano in G minor, Op. 19 (1901)
This sonata is a masterpiece of chamber music, allowing the cello to sing with the piano in a deeply collaborative and expressive work. Rachmaninoff’s lush harmonies and soaring melodies highlight the cello’s voice.
Benjamin Britten – Cello Suites (1964-1971)
Inspired by Bach’s suites, Britten’s compositions for solo cello are modern explorations of the instrument’s capabilities, blending technical innovation with emotional depth.
The Cello in Popular Culture
The cello, with its evocative and rich tones, has found a special place not only in classical music but also within the realms of film, television, and popular culture.
Its deep musical tones make it a favorite for composers and musicians, often evoking a profound emotional response from audiences.
Here, we explore ten tunes featuring the cello that have left an indelible mark on popular culture, demonstrating its range from haunting melodies to vibrant, energetic performances.
Game of Thrones Theme – Ramin Djawadi (2011)
The opening theme for the HBO series “Game of Thrones” features a cello prominently, setting a tone of epic grandeur and intrigue. Djawadi’s composition has become synonymous with the series, recognizable by fans worldwide.
The Swan from “The Carnival of the Animals” – Camille Saint-Saëns (1886)
Featured in numerous films and television shows, “The Swan” showcases the cello’s lyrical beauty. Its serene, flowing melody has become a staple in depicting scenes of grace and elegance.
Jaws Theme – John Williams (1975)
Although primarily known for its menacing bass line, the “Jaws” theme utilizes cellos to create a sense of impending doom that has chilled audiences since its debut. Williams’ score remains one of the most iconic in film history.
Hedwig’s Theme from “Harry Potter” – John Williams (2001)
The cello plays a crucial role in the hauntingly beautiful “Hedwig’s Theme,” which has become the musical signature of the “Harry Potter” franchise. Its magical and whimsical tones capture the essence of the wizarding world.
Yellow (Cello Version) – Coldplay, arr. by Vitamin String Quartet (2000)
The Vitamin String Quartet’s rendition of Coldplay’s “Yellow” features the cello in a leading role, transforming the rock ballad into a poignant string performance that highlights the instrument’s emotional depth.
Smooth Criminal (Cello Version) – Michael Jackson, arr. by 2Cellos (2011)
2Cellos’ cover of “Smooth Criminal” showcases the cello’s versatility, turning the pop hit into a fast-paced, electrifying instrumental that demonstrates the cello’s ability to cross genres.
Schindler’s List Theme” – John Williams (1993)
The cello takes center stage in the profoundly moving theme of “Schindler’s List,” expressing the film’s emotional depth and the human spirit’s resilience. Williams’ score is a testament to the cello’s power in storytelling.
Westworld Theme – Ramin Djawadi (2016)
For the “Westworld” series, Djawadi composed a theme that features the cello, blending classical motifs with modern elements to reflect the show’s themes of technology and humanity.
Eleanor Rigby (String Quartet Version) – The Beatles, arr. by George Martin (1966)
The Beatles’ “Eleanor Rigby,” arranged for a string quartet, relies heavily on the cello to drive the song’s melancholic melody, illustrating the instrument’s impact beyond classical music into rock and pop.
The Godfather Theme – Nino Rota (1972)
The haunting melody of “The Godfather” theme features the cello, capturing the essence of the film’s drama and the complexities of the Corleone family saga. Rota’s composition is unforgettable, with the cello playing a key role in its emotional weight.
These pieces highlight the cello’s unique ability to convey a wide range of emotions, from tension and fear to beauty and sorrow. Whether in the hands of classical composers or modern arrangers, the cello continues to resonate with audiences, leaving a lasting impression that transcends genre and era.
Instruments Similar to a Cello
The cello, known for its deep and emotive sound, is part of the larger string family, a group of instruments that share a common ancestry and design principles.
Here are five more instruments closely related to the cello which we think you might find of interest:
Violin
The violin is the smallest and highest-pitched member of the string family. Known for its brilliant and agile sound, it often carries the melody in orchestral compositions and string ensembles. The violin’s expressive capabilities and wide range make it a cornerstone of both classical and contemporary music.
Viola
Larger than the violin and tuned a fifth lower, the viola occupies a middle ground in the string family, offering a rich, warm tone that complements both the violin and cello. Its deeper sound enriches harmonies and adds depth to musical textures, making it indispensable in ensembles.
Double Bass
The double bass stands as the largest and lowest-pitched instrument in the string family. It provides the foundation of the orchestra’s sound, offering a depth and resonance that supports the harmonic structure. In jazz and popular music, it’s also prized for its rhythmic contributions.
Baroque Cello
The Baroque cello, used primarily in the performance of music from the 17th and 18th centuries, differs from the modern cello in its setup and sound production. It typically lacks an endpin and sometimes uses gut strings, offering a lighter, more nuanced sound ideal for historical performance practices.
Piccolo Cello
The piccolo cello is a smaller version of the cello, tuned one octave above the standard cello. While relatively rare, it is sometimes used to perform specific repertoire that demands a higher pitch and a brighter sound, providing a unique timbral quality distinct from its larger counterpart.
