What is a Bassoon Musical Instrument?
The bassoon is a large woodwind musical instrument recognized by its long, coiled shape and use of a vibrating double reed to make its distinctive sound. It typically has around 20-25 keys, allowing for a wide range of musical expression.
Bassoon Instrument Facts
- Commonly found in classical, baroque, romantic, contemporary, and jazz music genres, it is known for its versatility in many kinds of musical groups and ensembles.
- A person who plays a bassoon is known as a bassoonist.
In this article, we’ll explore what the bassoon musical instrument is, examining what it sounds like, its history, how its made and explore some of the great music it has produced over its long established history. Search the Table of Contents or watch the video below to get started on our instrument guide.
What does the Bassoon Sound Like?
How is the Bassoon Instrument Played?
When the bassoonist blows air through the double reed, it causes the reed to vibrate. This vibration sets in motion a series of events within the instrument that ultimately produce the distinctive tones associated with the bassoon.
The bassoon, being a conical bore instrument, amplifies and shapes these vibrations as they travel through the instrument’s long, coiled body.
The player’s fingers move across the instrument’s keys, covering and uncovering tone holes strategically placed along the body of the bassoon. This intricate finger work controls the pitch and allows the musician to navigate the instrument’s extensive range. The bassoon is capable of producing both low, resonant tones and higher, more agile notes, making it a versatile and expressive member of the woodwind family.
The bassoon’s mechanism includes various keys and levers that, when manipulated by the player, control the opening and closing of these tone holes. This process regulates the pitch, allowing the musician to produce different notes with precision. As the player becomes more adept, they learn to master nuances in embouchure, breath control, and finger technique to achieve a rich and varied sound.
Musical Origins
The bassoon got its name from a combination of Italian and French words.
In the early 17th century, the instrument evolved from earlier designs, and during this time, the bassoon’s predecessor was known as the “fagotto” in Italy, meaning “bundle of sticks” due to its compact, coiled shape. As the instrument gained popularity and underwent modifications, it traveled to France, where it earned the name “basson.”
The french term “basson” likely originated from the French word “basse,” meaning low or bass, emphasizing the instrument’s lower pitch compared to its predecessors.
Over time, the name “basson” or “bassoon” became more prominent as it became more and more associated with the instrument’s distinct sound and prominent role in the bass register of the orchestra.
Instrument History
| Time Period | Evolution Details |
|---|---|
| Middle ages | Early Origins: Evolved from the European dulcian and bombarde shawm double reed instruments. |
| 17th Century | First Bassoon: The bassoon originated in France during the 17th century, evolving from earlier double-reeded instruments. |
| 18th Century | Key Mechanism: The 18th century saw the introduction of a more sophisticated key mechanism, allowing greater control over pitch and dynamics. |
| 19th Century | Conical Bore Design: The 19th century witnessed advancements in design, shifting towards a conical bore shape, enhancing the instrument’s tonal qualities. |
| 20th Century | Key System Refinements: Throughout the 20th century, ongoing refinements to the key system improved playability and expanded the bassoon’s range. |
| Present Day | Materials and Manufacturing: Contemporary bassoons utilize advanced modern materials and manufacturing techniques, enhancing durability and consistency in production. |
Bassoon Construction and Materials
Crafted with great precision, the instrument is renowned for its elongated, slender shape as well as a complex system of keys and levers.
The basoon instrument’s body consists of six key parts:
- Double Reed
- Bocal or crook
- Wing joint
- Boot joint
- Bass joint
- Bell.
Each part plays a pivotal role in shaping the instrument’s overall structure and sound production.
Double Reed
The bassoon’s initial sound wave is produced by the vibrating double reed, a personalized part often handmade by experienced players. Crafted from arundo donax cane, the reed undergoes a meticulous shaping process to create the double reed shape.
To generate sound, the player employs a combination of air pressure, lip pressure, mouth cavity, and more to vibrate the reed. This produces a sound wave that travels through the crook and into the bassoon.
The Bocal
The bocal or crook is a curved metal tube connecting the reed to the bassoon’s wing joint. There are various crooks to match player preferences, altering the bassoon’s pitch by changing the crook’s length – longer crooks lower the pitch. The bocal neatly fits into a socket atop the wing joint, with the reed attaching to the other end.
Wing Joint
The wing joint joins is the link between the crook and the boot joint. This part of the bassoon contains a number of tone holes and a range keys which can alter the tone and pitch of the basoons sound.
Boot joint
This part of the bassoon connects the long joint with the wing joint. This part is where the tube folds back on itself, allowing over eight feet of tube to fit into an instrument just over 4 feet in length.
The boot joint has essential tone holes accessed by keys and rods. in addition, it anchors the straps used to hold the bassoon, including a seat strap placed under the player, and neck or shoulder straps.
In some cases players might also use a spike attached to the boot joint, similar to a cello’s, for additional support extending to the floor.
Bass Joint
The bass joint is used to join the boot joint to the bell. It contains strategically-placed holes accessed by a system of keys and rods, enabling the player to produce specific notes on the scale.
Bassoon Bell
The bell is the final section of the bassoon’s length, amplifying and directing sound waves outward. It’s where the sound emerges, often with tone holes operated by keys. Different bell joints or lengths can be used to produce specific notes or tones. When handling the bassoon, especially when out of the case, take care to prevent damage to the bell.
Bassoon Materials
- Wood:
- Traditionally, the main body of the bassoon is crafted from high-quality wood, commonly maple or, in some cases, aged grenadilla wood.
- The choice of wood significantly influences the instrument’s resonance and tonal warmth.
- Cheaper models of bassoon may also be made of plastic however this can dramatically change the musical tone and resonance of the instrument.
- Key Material:
- The keys and mechanisms are typically made from metals such as nickel silver, brass, or silver-plated brass.
- These metals provide durability, corrosion resistance, and the necessary weight for effective key action.
- Lining:
- To address concerns related to the effects of moisture on the wood, the interior of the bassoon’s bore is often lined with a material like ebonite.
- This lining helps maintain the structural integrity of the instrument over time.
- Plating:
- Some bassoons feature key plating with materials like silver or gold.
- Beyond aesthetic considerations, these materials offer additional corrosion resistance and contribute to the overall longevity of the instrument.
- Tone Holes:
- Tone holes, strategically placed along the body, are precision-drilled and typically lined with metal rims for reinforcement.
- Properly crafted tone holes are essential for accurate pitch and tonal consistency.
- Adjusting Screws:
- Various adjusting screws, often made of stainless steel, allow for fine-tuning of key mechanisms.
- These screws are crucial for maintaining the instrument’s playability and responsiveness.
- Finish:
- The outer finish of the bassoon is usually a combination of oils and varnishes to protect the wood and enhance its appearance.
- Proper finishing contributes to the longevity of the instrument and preserves its aesthetic appeal.
Leading Bassoon Instrument Manufacturers
Leading bassoon manufacturers are known for their precision craftsmanship and dedication to producing high-quality instruments. The following table highlights just some of the more prominent manufacturers of the instrument from across the world.
| Manufacturer | Country of Origin |
|---|---|
| Heckel | Germany |
| Fox | United States |
| Yamaha | Japan |
| Buffet Crampon | France |
| Schreiber | Germany |
| Moosmann | Germany |
| Püchner | Germany |
| Adler | Germany |
| Schreiber & Sohne | Germany |
| Mollenhauer | Germany |
Famous Bassoonists
Although the musical instrument originated in Western Europe, it can now be found in countries throughout the world. Here are just a handful of talented bassoonists who have mastered the instrument.
| Musician | Notability |
|---|---|
| Milan Turković | Renowned Yugoslav-born bassoonist known for his virtuosity and contributions to contemporary music. |
| Bernard Garfield | Renowned for his exceptional career and longstanding role at the Philadelphia Orchestra. |
| Sergio Azzolini | Italian bassoonist recognized for his exceptional skill and interpretations of Baroque and Classical repertoire. |
| Judith LeClair | Principal bassoonist of the New York Philharmonic, acclaimed for her extensive orchestral career and solo performances. |
| Klaus Thunemann | German bassoonist celebrated for his mastery of the instrument and his influential teaching career at the Hannover University of Music, Drama, and Media. |
| Frank Morelli | Distinguished American bassoonist, known for his artistry and versatility in both classical and contemporary music. |
| Nadia Slobodyanyuk | Ukrainian bassoonist recognized for her virtuosic performances and significant contributions to international competitions. |
| Mordechai Rechtman | Israeli bassoonist and conductor known for his extensive orchestral career and collaborations with renowned ensembles worldwide. |
| George Zukerman | Canadian bassoonist acknowledged for his contributions to music education and advocacy for the bassoon as a solo instrument. |
| Lyndon Watts | British bassoonist acclaimed for his solo career, chamber music collaborations, and dedication to expanding the bassoon repertoire. |
| Barrick Stees | Principal bassoonist of the Cleveland Orchestra, recognized for his technical proficiency and commitment to both classical and contemporary works. |
Significant Bassoon Classical Compositions
In the vast realms of classical music, the bassoon has graced numerous compositions, contributing its unique voice to iconic works across different periods. Here, are some compositions that showcase the bassoon’s versatility and prominence in the world of classical music.
“Concerto in B-flat major” – Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1774-1777):
Mozart’s Bassoon Concerto in B-flat major remains a masterpiece, composed with brilliance and artistry. Written during the Classical period, the concerto showcases the bassoon as a soloist, presenting captivating melodies and virtuosic passages.
“Bassoon Sonata in G minor” – Camille Saint-Saëns (1921):
Saint-Saëns, known for his elegant compositions, crafted the Bassoon Sonata in G minor as a testament to his melodic charm. The piece, dating from the 20th century, stands out as a gem in the bassoon repertoire, offering listeners a delightful musical journey.
“Quintet for Piano and Winds” – Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1784):
In Mozart’s Quintet for Piano and Winds, composed during the Classical period, the bassoon plays a vital role within the ensemble. The piece is characterized by its delightful interplay between the piano and wind instruments, including the expressive voice of the bassoon.
“Bassoon Concerto in F major” – Carl Maria von Weber (1811):
Weber’s Bassoon Concerto in F major is celebrated for its virtuosic passages and expressive lyricism. Composed during the early 19th century, the concerto stands as a staple in the bassoon repertoire, showcasing the instrument’s agility and melodic capabilities.
“Rhapsody for Bassoon” – Charles Gounod (1856):
Gounod’s Rhapsody for Bassoon is a captivating solo piece, highlighting the lyrical capabilities of the instrument. Dating from the 19th century, the rhapsody offers a showcase for the expressive range of the bassoon.
“Sinfonia Concertante” – Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1779):
Mozart’s Sinfonia Concertante, composed in the late 18th century, features the bassoon in a collaborative dialogue with other instruments. The piece creates a harmonious and dynamic musical tapestry, exemplifying Mozart’s compositional genius.
“Bassoon Concerto in B-flat major” – Antonio Vivaldi (1730-1740):
Vivaldi’s Baroque masterpiece, the Bassoon Concerto in B-flat major, is a testament to the composer’s innovative approach to orchestration. Composed in the 18th century, the concerto highlights the agility and versatility of the bassoon.
“Trio Sonata in G major” – Georg Friedrich Händel (Unknown):
Händel’s Trio Sonata in G major, though the exact date is unknown, remains a charming piece where the bassoon plays a pivotal role in the trio’s engaging musical dialogue. The work showcases Händel’s craftsmanship in creating delightful chamber music.
“Romance for Bassoon and Orchestra” – Eugène Bozza (1941):
Bozza’s Romance for Bassoon and Orchestra, a relatively modern piece, combines neo-Classical elements with a lyrical bassoon melody. The composition, dating from the mid-20th century, demonstrates the bassoon’s adaptability to different musical styles.
“Bassoon Concerto in C major” – Mozart/Wendt (1787/1914):
An adaptation of Mozart’s renowned concerto by Wendt, the Bassoon Concerto in C major preserves the original’s charm while allowing for unique interpretations by bassoonists. This collaboration between two periods showcases the enduring appeal of Mozart’s compositions.
The Bassoon in Popular Culture
In the realm of popular culture, the bassoon has made its mark by contributing to iconic tunes featured in films and TV shows. Here are five recognizable bassoon tunes that have left a lasting impression on audiences.
“Peter and the Wolf” – Sergei Prokofiev (1936):
Composed by Sergei Prokofiev in 1936, “Peter and the Wolf” is a beloved orchestral composition with a prominent bassoon role. This musical fairy tale, often utilized in various adaptations for film and television, features the bassoon representing the character of the grumpy Grandfather. The distinctive bassoon motif adds a charming and characterful element to this timeless piece.
“The Simpsons Theme” – Danny Elfman (1989):
Composed by Danny Elfman for the animated TV series “The Simpsons,” the show’s iconic theme has become instantly recognizable. Premiering in 1989, the lively and humorous theme prominently features the bassoon, contributing to the quirky and distinctive sound that has become synonymous with the show’s opening sequence. The bassoon’s playful tones perfectly complement the animated antics of the Simpson family.
“The Pink Panther Theme” – Henry Mancini (1963):
Henry Mancini’s “The Pink Panther Theme,” created for the classic film and subsequent franchise, showcases the bassoon’s versatility in a jazzy context. Composed in 1963, the tune’s infectious melody, played on the saxophone and later arranged for the bassoon, has become synonymous with the suave and comedic character of Inspector Clouseau. The bassoon’s expressive qualities contribute to the theme’s enduring popularity.
“Psycho Theme” – Bernard Herrmann (1960):
Bernard Herrmann’s iconic score for Alfred Hitchcock’s “Psycho” (1960) is characterized by its haunting strings and a memorable bassoon solo. The film’s shower scene, accompanied by the chilling bassoon motif, has left an indelible mark on cinematic history. Herrmann’s use of the bassoon in this suspenseful context adds an eerie and unsettling atmosphere to the film, showcasing the instrument’s ability to evoke emotions beyond the comedic.
“Beauty and the Beast” – Alan Menken (1991):
Composed by Alan Menken for Disney’s animated classic “Beauty and the Beast” (1991), the film’s theme is a enchanting waltz with a notable bassoon presence. The bassoon plays a crucial role in conveying the charm and elegance of the enchanted castle, contributing to the overall fairy-tale ambiance. Menken’s masterful use of the bassoon in this iconic theme underscores the magical and timeless quality of the film.
Further Reading
If you have enjoyed reading about the bassoon musical instrument, here are five more instruments that are closely related to it and which may be of interest:
Contrabassoon: A larger and deeper-toned relative, the contrabassoon expands the bassoon family’s range in orchestras and ensembles.
Oboe: An immediate woodwind companion, the oboe shares the double-reed characteristics and is often heard alongside the bassoon in musical compositions.
Clarinet: Part of the woodwind family like the bassoon, the clarinet, utilizing a single reed, complements the bassoon’s rich tones in various genres.
English Horn (Cor Anglais): Another double-reed instrument, the English horn shares its ancestry with the oboe family, providing mellower tones akin to the bassoon.
Bass Clarinet: A lower-pitched member of the clarinet family, the bass clarinet contributes depth and richness to musical ensembles, often in harmony with the bassoon.
