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Gaohu Instrument Summary
The Gaohu is a traditional Chinese string instrument known for its high pitch and bright, clear sound. It is similar to the erhu but tuned higher and often used to play lyrical and expressive melodies. The gaohu is a key instrument in Cantonese music and Chinese orchestras, admired for its distinctive tone and expressive capabilities.
Detailed Instrument Description
| Instrument Name | Gaohu |
| Instrument Family | String |
| Alternative Names | The gaohu is also known as the “high-pitched erhu” or “Cantonese fiddle.” In Chinese, it is written as “高胡” (gāohú). |
| Geographical Presence | The gaohu is primarily played in China, particularly in Guangdong province, where it is central to Cantonese music. It is also used in Chinese orchestras and has gained recognition globally, with performances in various world music ensembles. |
| Instrument Classification | The gaohu falls under the Hornbostel-Sachs classification system as 321.321, identifying it as a bowed lute chordophone. This system classifies musical instruments based on how they produce sound, with the gaohu classified as a chordophone where sound is produced by vibrating strings. |
| Unique Features | The instrument is known for its smaller soundbox and higher pitch compared to the erhu. It has two strings and a bamboo bow that passes between the strings. The soundbox is typically covered with snakeskin on one side, which contributes to its bright, resonant sound. Its design allows for a wide range of expressive techniques, including slides and vibrato. |
| Sound Characteristics | The gaohu produces a bright, clear, and penetrating sound. Its tone is higher and more piercing than the erhu, making it ideal for playing lyrical and expressive melodies. The instrument is known for its ability to produce smooth, flowing notes and intricate melodic lines, adding to its expressive capabilities. |
| Typical Music Genres | The gaohu is primarily used in Cantonese music, including opera and folk music. It is also featured in Chinese orchestral music and contemporary genres, such as Chinese pop and fusion, adding a distinctive Cantonese flavor. |
| Components | Body (soundbox), Neck, Tuning Pegs, Strings, Bow, Snakeskin, Bridge |
| Construction | The gaohu typically has a wooden body made from materials such as rosewood or sandalwood. The front of the soundbox is covered with snakeskin, which enhances its bright sound. The neck is long and slender, with tuning pegs at the top. The strings are usually made of steel or silk, and the bow is made of bamboo with horsehair. |
| Size and Weight | The instrument generally measures around 70 centimeters (28 inches) in length. The weight can vary between 0.5 to 1 kilogram (1.1 to 2.2 pounds), depending on the materials used. |
| Variations and Customizations | Variations of the gaohu include different sizes and materials, which can affect the instrument’s sound and playability. Customizations might include decorative inlays, different types of wood, and variations in the design of the soundbox. Some modern gaohus may also feature built-in pickups for amplification. |
| Instrument History | The gaohu was developed in the early 20th century as a higher-pitched version of the erhu, specifically for use in Cantonese music. It quickly became a central instrument in Cantonese opera and has since been adopted into Chinese orchestral music. The instrument has continued to evolve, with improvements in design and playing techniques enhancing its sound and versatility. |
| Similar Types of Instrument | Erhu, Zhonghu, Violin |
| Playing Technique | The gaohu is played by sitting down and placing the instrument on the left thigh. The left hand presses the strings to change the pitch, while the right hand moves the bow horizontally between the two strings. Techniques include slides, vibrato, and various bowing patterns to produce different tones and expressions. |
| Notable Composers | Liu Tianhua, Huang Tzu, He Zhanhao |
| Famous Works | Liu Tianhua’s “Autumn Moon Over the Han Palace,” Huang Tzu’s “The Moon Reflected on the Second Spring,” He Zhanhao’s “Butterfly Lovers’ Concerto” |
| Maintenance | Regular maintenance includes cleaning the instrument, tuning the strings, and ensuring the bow hair is in good condition. The gaohu should be stored in a case to protect it from dust and environmental changes. Periodic checks of the snakeskin and wood condition are recommended to maintain optimal sound quality. |
| Learning Difficulty | High; requires significant coordination to manage the bow and finger techniques simultaneously. Learning proper hand positioning, pitch control, and expressive techniques are essential for effective playing. |
| Prominent Players | Yu Qiwei, Wong On-yuen, Lam Bun-ching |
| Notable Performances | Notable performances include concerts by prominent gaohu players at major venues and festivals worldwide, such as the Hong Kong Arts Festival and various Cantonese opera performances. |
| Famous Orchestras/Bands | Prominent ensembles featuring the gaohu include the China National Traditional Orchestra, the Hong Kong Chinese Orchestra, and the Guangdong Cantonese Opera Orchestra. |
| Price Range | Gaohus range from $200 for beginner instruments to $2,000 or more, depending on the craftsmanship, materials, and features. |
